Thesis Enrolment Essay Example for Free

Thesis Enrolment Essay 1.0. Project Description An enrolment system is necessary for the school to keep track of their students’ records. This is a useful way for retrieving student’s information. On the other hand a student’s personal information account will enable a student to view his or her status and other school related requirements or details. If these two will be implemented automatically, then the school will operate more efficiently and effectively. The purpose of this online enrolment system is for those individuals who want to enrol in Cebu Centre for Dance but they are having the hard time in finding for the exact location of the school and applying an enrolment system through online will make it easier and faster for the enrolees to apply to the said dance school. The enrolee requires filling up a form online with his or her personal information that includes his or her specific details that the system requires. This lets the enrolee choose or enrol to a course offered by the school. Once the enrolee submits the form and formally settles the payment, that enrolee is considered an official student of the school. This marks the use of the student’s personal information account. So the student could now log in into his account using his unique username and password that would let him view his class schedule and other school related details. An online enrolment system and student’s personal information account will help school and its students communicate and keep track of their records successfully. And since the widespread use of the internet has given people the chance to access to information and to the different websites, this gives us the idea of creating the system. 1.1. Background of the Project/ Overview of the Current State of Technology Company Background Cebu Centre for Dance is the newest dance school in Cebu City. It is located at Tango Plaza building, Queens Road. It aims is to provide high quality dance training as well as fitness training in the Queen city of the south. It offers ballet dance training for all 3 years and up, adult ballet for fitness, contemporary dance training, classical jazz, and Latin ballroom. For fitness training, it offers Zumba by Emma Satchell, Yoga and Pilates. Companys Current State in terms of Technology The Cebu Centre for Dance has its own existing website, the http://www.cebucentrefordance.webeden.net/. In their website, you can view the details about the dance school, the different courses offered, the list of faculty members, and its dance resources, and on how to contact the said dance training school. The Cebu Centre for Dance’s website lacks some features that would help in making their operation more efficient and more effective towards their students and to those who really want to enrol in the said dance school. So the creation of an online enrolment system and student’s personal information account would make a difference and improvement in organizing and retrieving students’ information. Companys needs/ challenges that needs Technological Intervention The school’s website lacks some features that are needed for making their school’s operation more effective and more efficient. It needs a system that could retrieve and track the records of their students and enrolees wherein the admin could view the necessary details about them. The school manages their enrolment manually in which it’s not very accessible and convenient for students/enrolees especially in this rapidly changing world. On the other hand, keeping track of the records is also done manually that makes it more complicated and unsecured. So the school is really in need of an automated system for the enrolment and an online account for their students’/enrolees’ personal information. Brief Introduction of the Project as the Solution As what was defined in 1.0 Project Description, â€Å"An enrolment system is necessary for the school to keep track of their students’ records. This is a useful way for retrieving student’s information. On the other hand a student’s personal information account will enable a student to view his or her status and other school related requirements or details. If these two will be implemented automatically, then the school will operate more efficiently and effectively.† This project would really satisfy the needs of the school of having an automated system for their enrolment and an online account for their students. The admin could view and check the record and status of a specific student. He can also alter some information about that student. The enrolees can register by filling up a form online and submits this one to the site to be stored in the database. Once the payment and other confidential matters are being settled, that enrolee could now be considered as an official student of the said dance school. He could then log-in to his personal account to update and view the important details stored in it. 1.2. Project Objectives/ Objectives of the Project The main objective of this project is to develop and come up with an enrolment system that would satisfy the needs of the students and the school wherein the admin can be able to manage the student’s information account. This project aims to build a working and efficient enrolment system and be implemented online. 1.2.1. General Objective The over-all goal for the creation of this online enrolment system and student’s personal information account is to transform the manual system of enrolment of the school to an automated one. The purpose for this is for the enrolees to enrol to the school anytime of the day because it’s done online. An online enrolment system will help the school officials to manage and utilize their time properly because the system will be the one working for the enrolment process to be stored in a database. On the other hand, having a student’s personal information account will help not only the school, but also the student in managing and viewing for their record and important school requirements in convenient way but just logging in to their account. Through this, students’ records will be put to the database for security purposes and easy access to information. 1.2.2. Specific Objectives * To develop an automated or online system of enrolment * To create a student’s personal information account * To make the enrolment system more effective and more efficient for both the school and the enrolees * To let both the school and the students have an easy access to information * To let the admin protect and organize the students’ records * To let the admin view the records of their students * To let the admin alter the information stored in the database * To let the enrolees register to the school 24 hours online * To let the students log in to their own personal account * To let the students view and update their account in a more convenient manner * To let the admin post a reminder or note to the student’s account easier and faster 1.3. Scope and Limitations of the Project The online enrolment system can only let the enrolee fill up the form and submit this one to be stored to the database. In an enrolment process, payment is really necessary before the enrolee to be considered as an official student of the school. It can be a down payment or a full payment depending on the agreement made by the school and the enrolee. But in our online enrolment system, no money transactions are done because the payment will only be done through personal meet ups. In the enrolment system, the school can trace what are the standings and schedules of the students. For the student’s personal information account, only the official students of the school are allowed to log in to their accounts using their unique usernames and passwords. The enrolees are not allowed to log in to an account because they need to achieve first the necessary requirements to be considered as an official student of the school. The student can only view and update his account. He cannot delete his account because only the admin can do that. The admin can change and manage the information on the student’s account. The admin can view the records of the students’ fees – collected or uncollected. The admin can send personal message to the student and post important announcements. 1.4. Significance of the Project/ Importance of the Project The system proposed should be done in a specific period of time so that the Cebu Centre for Dance can now have an automated enrolment system. The school won’t use anymore the manual system they’re used to. It’s a great benefit for both the students and the school because aside from the fact that it’s hassle free and convenient, it’s also user friendly. The purpose for this is for the enrolees to enrol to the school anytime of the day because it’s done online. An online enrolment system will help the school officials to manage and utilize their time properly because the system will be the one working for the enrolment process to be stored in a database. In this rapidly changing world, technology is really a must for everyone especially in schools because the need for it provides us with easy and more effective solutions to everyday living. Without technology we could not communicate quickly from important people we like to talk to, find important information from the Internet, or even keep track school events and announcements. This project allows people to utilise tools that allows overcoming of mental and the practical application of knowledge to advance our everyday life. 2.0. Review of Related Works and Studies/ Review of Related Literature With the advent of computers, the world entered a more technologically advanced era of computing using various technical tools. In the creation of the system, different resources were being used. It includes the Xampp, Dreamweaver, and Adobe Photoshop CS5, the Internet, university-owned computer, personal computers and laptops (Lenovo and Toshiba). The use of some browsers such as Mozilla and Google Chrome made this database project possible. Through these media, we could now successfully create and develop our own database. It is based on SQL or termed as the Structured Query Language that is used for managing and querying databases. Creating the system can become extremely complex and inconsistent, because most of the information can’t be tabulated into simple computer programs, thus the call for a maximum level database was needed and created. 3.0. Project Methodology The creation of an online enrolment system and student’s personal information account requires specific steps that are needed to be achieved. These are the steps: DESIGN MAINTENANCE and SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS PLANNING Data Collection This project involves three major steps starting from planning down to the implementation of the system. PLANNING Software Requirements Analyse the requirements. ANALYSIS Identify the conclusion Implements the system IMPLEMENTATION Tests the system All of the activities stated above will be done by Anna Mae Talingting, and Marjorie Castillo. They are the resource persons to be contacted and are responsible for the task required. The making of the system will approximately take 3 months, which is from November to February. It will be done to a place that has computers and other enough resources that would help make and accomplish the system. The activity should be done so that the school can now have an automated enrolment system and students can use it as soon as possible that the system will be done and implemented.

The Scapegoating of Homosexuals as Threats to Society Essay -- Gay Les

Politics of Exclusion - The Scapegoating of Homosexuals as Threats to Society It is hard to believe that this bill is anything other than a thinly veiled attempt to score political debating points by scapegoating gay and lesbian Americans.-John F. Kerry The monster lulls reason into a night of unknowing in which sleeping leviathans do not lie.-Timothy K. Beal Introduction The scapegoating of homosexuals as monstrous threats to the order of society allows for their exclusion from institutions such as marriage, legal adoption, and The Boy Scouts of America. To reverse this discrimination, we must learn to make room for the chaotic queer monster, to perceive its presence not as threatening, but rather as inevitable, necessary, and vital to the dynamism of our culture. With this shift, we will have the means to create a politics of inclusion. In spite of the pluralistic and egalitarian principles that lie at the foundation of our nation, we live in a culture with little tolerance for deviation from what is considered to be the â€Å"norm.† We have created, and strive to maintain, an illusion of a uniform, ordered, and righteous American lifestyle. From this narrow conception of America, we gain a sense of solidarity and security. Consequently, those who pose a challenge to this ideal are pushed into the margins of society and excluded; they become second-class citizens. As a result of the threat they pose to this limited model of conventional order, gays and lesbians are chief among the subclass of secondary citizens. Unlike other marginalized minority groups, homosexuals are explicitly denied access to institutions central to American life and character, namely, the legal family unit and The Boy Scouts. For, if... ...26 February 2004 . [36] â€Å"Gay Men Lose Fight on Adoption Ban† New York Times On the Web 29 January 2004, 26 February 2004 . [37] Rebecca Walsh, â€Å"For the Family; Lesbian Couple Challenging Gay Adoption Ban in Utah† The Salt Lake Tribune 7 July 2003, 29 February 2004 . [38] Bruce Alpert, â€Å"Debate Grows Over Ban on Adoption by Gays† Newhouse New Service 1 April 2002, 29 February 2004 . [39] Alpert. [40] Alpert. [41] Alpert. [42] Alpert. [43] Walsh. [44] Walsh. [45] Linda Nicholson and Steven Seidman, ed. Social Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 118. [46] Laura Benkov Reinventing the Family (New York: Crown Publishers, 1994) 145. [47] Beal 196 [48] Kantor 5. [49] Beal 10. [50] Beal 196.

Behavior Genetics

The behavioral genetics discipline deals with the genetic factors affecting human behaviors. It deals with the formation of behavior with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry. These traits may involve cognitive impairments, mental illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and behavioral problems. Further, behavioral genetics in the light of technological advancement became an important tool in discovering the alleles and genes responsible for the behavioral characteristics of humans.Meanwhile, as environmental conditions provided by the parents and shaped by the society hone individuals to maximize their innate or inborn potentials, the similarities on the growth and developmental patterns among relatives illuminate the effects of their inherited genes. While the genotype dictates the possible occurrence of a particular behavior, the nature shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be expressed.In relation to this, although most developmental psycho logists have taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, mental abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, still they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones’ personality. As such, experts are in continuous search for the genes responsible for the development and inheritance of various diseases and personality disorders.Title IntroductionCharles Darwin, the proponent of the â€Å"natural selection† theory, was influenced by Francis Galton in relating the biological basis of evolution to behavioral characteristics of animal species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). The variation on the expression of behavioral attributes of organisms under specific type of species can be attributed to genetic changes. These variations can survive and further change in the succeeding generations of that species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). For instance, curiosity can be observed in every animal species.Some animals display high level of curiosity than other animal group which projects their survival mechanism. In connection to this, the discipline of behavior genetics is an intensive application of the biological basis of behavior that generally aims for the determination the variation extent of specific trait in a given population of organisms (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Specifically, it examines both genetic and environmental influences on the trait variation as well as the interactions between heredity and the environment.Behavior genetics is also concerned on the genotype or the underpinning genetic structures in specific behavior (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In fact, the experiments on animal selective-breeding undeniably showed the influence of hereditary traits in the behavior of different animal species. Behavioral and Medical Genetics The behavioral genetics discipline deals with the genetic factors affecting human behaviors while medical ge netics encompasses the exerted influence of the genes on complex behavior (Parens, 2004).Medical genetics includes genetic factors which influence behavioral trait formation with respect to the purview of medicine such as hypertension, cancer, and diabetes (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, behavioral genetics deals with the formation of behavior with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry (Parens, 2004). These traits may involve cognitive impairments, mental illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and behavioral problems. As well, the demarcation between behavioral and medical genetics is not fully-defined (Parens, 2004).For instance, depression cases which originally classified under the purview of psychiatrists and psychologists are now held by medical doctors. Similarly, the scope of medical researches like Alzheimer’s disease nowadays is also concerned of psychologists. Although, the names of these two endeavors are different, the mole cular approaches, methodological and research questions are principally similar. Genetic Influences At present, most of the experts in behavioral genetics utilize the molecular methods of researchers in medical genetics (Parens, 2004).Both groups employ DNA-based technology to unravel the genetic mystery and the disorder or the behavioral traits. It is important to understand this primary goal of the study prior to the selection of the molecular method of the study. Researchers in behavioral genetics are using classical, epidemiological, and quantitative methods of study (Parens, 2004). For example, the twin studies fall under the classical methods while the DNA-based methods are classified under molecular-behavioral methods.Meanwhile, the experiments on behavioral genetics were conducted not only in microorganisms but also in insects like houseflies, mosquitoes, bees, fruit flies, crickets, wasps, moths and even in cows, fishes, dogs, geese and other animal species (Plomin, Owen, a nd McGuffin, 1994). The artificial selection or selective-breeding of these organisms resulted to conclusive relationship between behaviors and genetic processes. On the other hand, the genotype-environment interactions were assessed by natural behavioral observations on organisms in a defined environmental condition (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).For example, the observations made by early psychologist on the stimulus-conditioned response among animals have contributed in the understanding of human learning. In relation to this, in genetic studies, animals have crucial roles, serving as models for the experiment. For instance, a mouse model that was deficient in HRPT enzyme was genetically engineered in the laboratory so as to understand the human case of this deficiency. The HPRT deficiency, ascribed with a recessive X-linked gene, is associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Gershon and Reider, 1992).This genetic disorder was correlated with mental retardation and self-injurious behavior through animal studies (Gershon and Reider, 1992). Further, animals are also utilized as models for several neurobehavioral disorders such as epilepsy, alcoholism, and narcolepsy. In this view, animal models, through experiments, serve as means to gain understanding on the nature and occurrence of genetic disorders as well the exploration on the prevention and proper medical treatment. In every animal study, it is generally assumed that the underlying genetic principle works similarly among organisms.Moreover, in the advancement of genetic technology, locating, characterizing, and identifying genetic variation through genes is now possible. Methods in Behavioral Genetics Inbreeding Mice are typically used in inbreeding experiments. Inbreeding is done on animals in order to generate a genetically identical, homozygous population. Approximately after thirty generation, 98-100% homozygous organisms can be produced (Parens, 2004). Since the subjects of the study bear the same g enes, the variation then on their respective phenotypic behavior is directly caused by environmental variables.Twin Studies Inbreeding is not done in humans for genetic traits of the humanoids can hardly be manipulated. Thus, twin studies are of prime importance in dealing with genotypic and phenotypic experimentations. While the identical or monozygotic twins are genetically identical, the fraternal or dizygotic twins are more genetically identical than normal siblings (Parens, 2004). The shared traits among identical and fraternal twins and non-twin individuals are significant for comparison and contrast.If identical twins have more behavioral traits than fraternal twins, genetic influences then interceded. Both identical and fraternal twins, although shared differently in the inherited traits, experience similar pre-natal environment, thus, the genetic factors can be isolated for behavioral assessment (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, the genetic make up of fraternal twins are e ntirely different from non-twin individuals. Also, non-twin siblings have different pre-natal environment, hence, giving opportunity for comparison based on environmental factors (Parens, 2004).Knockout Studies In knockout study design, genes are either inserted or cut form the embryonic cells of mice (Parens, 2004). This is done to control and manipulate the genetic characteristic of the subjects. Then, they are reinserted into a female for gestation. Most knockout studies employed on and off gene mechanism through drug treatment or antibiotic (Parens, 2004). The researcher can turn the gene on or off by the combination of the deleted or inserted gene with a particular gene susceptible to drug treatment. Molecular BiologyGenetics and the advent of molecular biology have brought valuable insights into the inheritance of both genetic and behavioral disorders. For instance, it was identified that chromosomal aberrations resulting to an extra chromosome 21 would cause mental illness in Down syndrome cases (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Likewise, the gene responsible to various single-gene diseases with mental retardation accompaniment has been identified including their respective complications. Hence, new born screening is implemented nowadays for early detection and medication of metabolic or genetic disorders.Generally, behavioral and biological connections with respect to chromosomal aberrations are easier to determine than the complexity of the normal behavioral patterns (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Contemporary technology on genetic studies is employed on single-gene treatment along with its behavioral characteristics. For example, DNA from either affected or unaffected population is analyzed in the identification of the culprit gene for the observed behavioral defects (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). After gene identification, the allele responsible for neurological problem is then determined.Similarly, gene mapping technique or linkage analysis is appl ied in the identification of the chromosomal position of a specific gene. Then, the DNAs of both affected and unaffected individuals from different families are analyzed to determine the link between a gene encoded in the DNA or marker and the occurrence of the genetic disorder (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In connection to this, it is commonly postulated that high association entails the chromosomal closeness of the link between the DNA marker and the disorder.Heredity and the EnvironmentSpecific organisms sustain existence in different environmental conditions as both environment and genes control and direct their growth and development (Scarr, 1992). Thus, it is possible to attribute behavioral observations to genes or environmental factors. Further, the relative influences of environment and heredity as well as their interactions can possibly ascribe with the characteristic variation among members of a population (Scarr, 1992). In genetic studies, twins are typically used for behavioral analysis and comparison.The research on the behavioral developments of identical and fraternal twins, under identical social conditions, is one strategy employed to assess heredity-environment relationships. Likewise, hereditary and environmental influences are also examined by means of the behavioral comparison and contrast among unrelated individuals grown in the same custody like in the case of adopted children. By this method, similarities on the behavioral traits of the subjects would directly ascribe to environmental factors for they are entirely different with respect to genes (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).Furthermore, quantitative methods like biometric technique facilitate the processing of various family genetic-environment data (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Experts attributed the behavioral phenotype differences among individuals to their inherited genes from their respective parents in parallel with the nurturing environment. However, the diffic ulties in the identification of environmental factors involved in behavioral nurturing are even greater than in the determination of the genes responsible for the phenotypic behaviors.On the other hand, both theoretical and technological advancement along with the conventional techniques provide great help in the study of hereditary-environmental behavior determinants (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Meanwhile, heredity has been correlated with the variation of intelligence; the nature and transmission of genes is a strong predictor of intelligence. In fact, as estimated, about 40-70% of intelligence variation can plausibly explained by hereditary traits (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).As revealed by more than five decades of research on the intelligence of related individuals, identical twins grown separately are just similar to adopted individuals brought up in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). While identical twins grown up together are much similar as compared to fraternal t wins brought up in the same home, the reared identical twins are much similar than adopted individuals grown in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). Experts in the behavioral genetics discipline argued for the genetic basis of human behaviors such as aggression, depression, impulsivity, homosexuality, and substance use.This scientific search for the genetic basis of behavior led to the reemergence of behavioral genetic determinism bearing the notion that behaviors are largely shaped by genetic processes (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). On the other hand, researches on twins and adopted individuals were the traditional studies conducted to differentiate environmental and biological influences in personality formation (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Recently, researchers have looked into the DNA parts or genes which probably cause mental health problems like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and even depression.However, specific gene responsible for the occurrence of these disorders was faile d to be identified (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Also, genetic expert were not able to relate basic personality attributes and sexual preferences to any gene. Meanwhile, although some displayed behavior can only be attributed to a single gene, most of the expressed behaviors were generated by several genes or polygenic influence (Parens, 2004). In addition, environmental variables intercede on the genetic influences in behavioral expression resulting to the convolution of the scenario.Hence, for the analysis of genotypic and phenotypic behavioral interrelations, researchers formulated the scale of heritability with zero to one value-range (Parens, 2004). The heritability values are projections of variance measures expressed in the trait due to inheritance. As such, the zero value denotes that the phenotypic behavior is entirely independent from the behavioral gene while the value of one is an indication that the phenotypic behavior is absolutely attributed to the inherited gene.Anal ysis and ConclusionThe aforementioned findings of behavioral studies proved that genetic processes are directly responsible for human growth and development. Meanwhile, as environmental conditions provided by the parents and shaped by the society hone individuals to maximize their innate or inborn potentials, the similarities on the growth and developmental patterns among relatives illuminate the effects of their inherited genes (Scarr, 1992). For example, identical twins grown in different custody have similar traits just like twins brought up in the same family.In relation to this, although most developmental psychologists have taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, mental abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, still they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones’ personality (Scarr, 1992). Similar to this, as adoption, twin, and family studies showed the genetic influences i n the inheritance of depression and schizophrenia, the role of environmental variables is crucial in the development of personality traits.As such, experts are in continuous search for the genes responsible for the development and inheritance of various diseases and personality disorders. For instance, psychopathological data gathered for a number of years revealed the genetic factors in the alcoholism and other substance use. In fact, alleles which corresponds for the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, dehydrogenases like aldehyde dehydrogenase were variedly detected among nonalcoholic and alcoholic Chinese men (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).However, conclusive findings concerning gene that is specifically related to alcoholism was hardly produced. It was postulated that alcoholism has complexity which may not only involve a specific gene but also includes synergism among genes and gene-environment interactions. Behavioral genetics in the light of technological advancement became an important tool in discovering the alleles and genes responsible for the behavioral characteristics of humans (Parens, 2004).This discipline has triggered the issues concerning the basis of behaviors; people contended on the genetic explanation for the exhibited behavior as they generally believed on the notions of nature and nurture assumptions. However, the nature and nurture notions, even though may play a significant role in behavior determination, as predictors of behaviors have limited view on behavior acquisition and modification (Parens, 2004). While the genotype dictates the possible occurrence of a particular behavior, the nature shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be expressed.As compared with the Mendelian genetics, behavioral genetics is much complicated for the pea plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments directly showed the characteristic variation while animal or human behaviors can hardly be interpreted as they way it was exhibited (Parens, 2004). Thus, t he successful association between genes and behaviors is attained when the genotypic behavior concurred on the phenotypic or observed behavior. In such way, the behavioral genes can be identified and the extent of its behavioral expression can be further determined.References: Carson, R. A. and Rothstein, M. A. (1999).Behavioral Genetics: The Clash of Culture and Biology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gershon, E. L. and Reider, R. O. (1992). Major Disorders of Mind and Brain. Scientific American, 267(3), 126–133. Parens, E. (2004). Genetic Differences and Human Identity: On Why Talking about Behavioral Genetics Is Important and Difficult. Garrison, New York: The Hastings Center. Plomin, R. , Owen, J. , and McGuffin, P. (1994). The Genetic Basis of Complex Human Behavior, Science, 264, 1733–1739. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental Theories for the 1990s: Development and Individual Differences, Child Development, 63, 1–19.

The Concept of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft  are German words that mean community and society respectively. Introduced in classical social theory, they are used to discuss the different kinds of social ties that exist in small, rural, traditional societies versus large-scale, modern, industrial ones. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft in Sociology Early German sociologist Ferdinand  Tà ¶nnies introduced the concepts of  Gemeinschaft (Gay-mine-shaft)  and  Gesellschaft  (Gay-zel-shaft) in his 1887 book  Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Tà ¶nnies presented these as analytic concepts which he found useful for studying the differences between the kinds of rural, peasant societies that were being replaced across Europe by modern, industrial ones.  Following this, Max Weber further developed these concepts as ideal types in his book  Economy and Society  (1921)  and in his essay Class, Status, and Party. For Weber, they were useful as ideal types for tracking and studying the changes in societies, social structure, and social order over time. The Personal and Moral Nature of Social Ties Within a  Gemeinschaft   According to  Tà ¶nnies,  Gemeinschaft, or community, is comprised of  personal social ties and in-person interactions that are defined by traditional social rules and result in an overall cooperative social organization. The values and beliefs common to a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Gemeinschaft  are organized around appreciation for personal ties, and because of this, social interactions are personal in nature.  Tà ¶nnies believed that these kinds of interactions and social ties were driven by emotions and sentiments (Wesenwille), by a sense of moral obligation to others, and were common to rural, peasant, small-scale, homogenous societies.  When Weber wrote about these terms in  Economy and Society, he suggested that a  Gemeinschaft  is produced by the subjective feeling that is tied to affect and tradition. The Rational and Efficient Nature of Social Ties Within a  Gesellschaft On the other hand,  Gesellschaft, or society, is comprised of impersonal and indirect social ties and interactions that are not necessarily carried out face-to-face (they can be carried out via telegram, telephone, in written form, through a chain of command, etc.). The ties and interactions that characterize a  Gesellschaft  are guided by formal values and beliefs that are directed by rationality and efficiency, as well as by economic, political, and self-interests. While social interaction is guided by  Wesenwille, or seemingly naturally occurring emotions  in a  Gemeinschaft, in a  Gesellschaft,  Kà ¼rwille, or rational will, guides it. This kind of social organization is common to large-scale, modern, industrial, and cosmopolitan societies that are structured around large organizations of government and private enterprise, both of which often take the form of bureaucracies. Organizations and the social order as a whole are organized by a complex division of labor, roles, and tasks. As Weber explained, such a form of social order is the result of rational agreement by mutual consent, meaning members of society agree to participate and abide the given rules, norms, and practices because rationality tells them that they benefit by doing so. Tà ¶nnies observed that the traditional bonds of family, kinship, and religion that provide the basis for social ties, values, and interactions in a  Gemeinschaft  are displaced by scientific rationality and self-interest in a  Gesellschaft. While social relations are cooperative in a  Gemeinschaft  it is more common to find competition in a  Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft  and  Gesellschaft  in Modern Times While it is true that one can observe distinctly different types of social organizations prior to and after the industrial age, and when comparing rural versus urban environments, its important to recognize that  Gemeinschaft  and  Gesellschaft are ideal types. This means that though they are useful conceptual tools for seeing and understanding how society works, they are rarely if ever observed exactly as they are defined, nor are they mutually exclusive. Instead, when you look at the social world around you, you are likely to see both forms of social order present. You may find that you are part of communities in which social ties and social interaction are guided by a sense of traditional and moral responsibility while simultaneously living within a complex, post-industrial society.